2020s
2030s
2040s
Land Use
Afforestation and peatland restoration
Agriculture
Healthier diets, reduced food waste,
tree growing and low-carbon farming practices
Waste
Reduce waste, increase
recycling, landfill ban
on biodegradable waste
Limit emissions from
combustion of non-bio
wastes, deploy measures
to reduce emissions
from waste water
Buildings
Efficiency, heat
networks, heat pumps
(new build, off gas,
hybrids)
Broad electrification,
expand heat networks,
gas grids potentially
switch to hydrogen
Road Transport
Ramp up EV market,
decisions on HGVs
Turn over fleets to zero-
emission vehicles; cars
and vans before HGVs
Infrastructure
Industrial CCS clusters,
decisions on gas grid
and HGV infrastructure,
expand vehicle charging
and electricity grids
Hydrogen supply for
industry and (potentially)
buildings, roll-out of
infrastructure for
hydrogen/electric HGVs,
more CCS infrastructure,
electricity network
expansion
Hydrogen
Begin large-scale
hydrogen production
with CCS
Widespread use of
hydrogen in industry, use
in backup electricity
generation, heavier
vehicles (eg HGVs,
trains) and (potentially)
heating on coldest days
Greenhouse gas removals
Develop options and
policy framework
Deployment of BECCS in
various forms,
demonstrate direct air
capture of CO2, other
removals depending
on progress
Electricity
Largely decarbonise
electricity; renewables,
flexibility, coal
phase-out
Expand electricity system,
decarbonise mid-merit/
peak generation
(eg using hydrogen),
deploy bioenergy with
CCS (BECCS)
Industry
Establish industrial CCS
and hydrogen clusters;
improve energy and
resource efficiency
Further CCS, widespread
use of hydrogen, some
electrification
Flourinated gases
Move almost completely away from use of F-gases
Aviation
Operational measures, new plane efficiency, lower
demand growth, limited sustainable biofuels
Shipping
Operational measures, new ship fuel efficiency,
use of ammonia
Co-benefits
Health benefits due to improved air quality, healthier
diets and more walking and cycling. Clean growth and
industrial opportunities. Improved biodiversity.
Improved resilience to climate change
2020s
2030s
2040s
Land Use Afforestation and peatland restoration
Agriculture Healthier diets, reduced food waste, tree growing and low-carbon farming practices
Waste Reduce waste, increase recycling, landfill
ban on biodegradable waste
Limit emissions from combustion of non-bio wastes,
deploy measures to reduce emissions from waste water
Buildings Efficiency, heat networks, heat pumps
(new build, off gas, hybrids)
Broad electrification, expand heat networks,
gas grids potentially switch to hydrogen
Road Transport Ramp up EV market,
decisions on HGVs
Turn over fleets to zero-emission vehicles;
cars and vans before HGVs
Infrastructure Industrial CCS clusters, decisions on
gas grid and HGV infrastructure, expand vehicle
charging and electricity grids
Hydrogen supply for industry and (potentially) buildings,
roll-out of infrastructure for hydrogen/electric HGVs,
more CCS infrastructure, electricity network expansion
Hydrogen Begin large-scale hydrogen
production with CCS
Widespread use of hydrogen in industry, use in backup
electricity generation, heavier vehicles (eg HGVs,
trains) and (potentially) heating on coldest days
Greenhouse gas removals Develop options
and policy framework
Deployment of BECCS in various forms,
demonstrate direct air capture of CO2,
other removals depending on progress
Industry Establish industrial CCS and hydrogen
clusters; improve energy and resource efficiency
Further CCS, widespread use of hydrogen,
some electrification
Electricity Largely decarbonise electricity;
renewables, flexibility, coal phase-out
Expand electricity system, decarbonise mid-merit/
peak generation (eg using hydrogen),
deploy bioenergy with CCS (BECCS)
Flourinated gases Move almost completely away from use of F-gases
Aviation Operational measures, new plane efficiency, lower demand growth, limited sustainable biofuels
Shipping Operational measures, new ship fuel efficiency, use of ammonia
Co-benefits Health benefits due to improved air quality, healthier diets and more walking and cycling. Clean
growth and industrial opportunities. Improved biodiversity. Improved resilience to climate change