1939 Europe on the brink of war
Axis
Allied
Neutral
Troop concentrations
Great Britain
700,000 troops
Danzig
15,000
East Prussia
The
Netherlands
USSR
2.0 million
Poland
1.1 million
Germany
2.0 million
Romania
850,000
France
2.5 million
Yugoslavia
Albania
Spain
Greece
200,000
Italy
1.3 million
Turkey
300,000
Mediterranean
Sea
15 March Germany invades Bohemia and dismembers Czechoslovakia, violating the Munich agreement, signed the previous November
31 March Britain and France guarantee Poland’s territorial integrity
27 April Britain introduces limited conscription for 20-to 22-year-olds
23 August Germany and Russia sign a non-aggression pact, with secret protocols to divide Poland between them
25 August Hitler cancels the order to invade Poland after Mussolini insists Italy will remain neutral. Britain signs an alliance with the Poles
28 August Chamberlain rejects Hitler’s offer of an alliance in return for Danzig and the “Polish corridor”, insisting that Britain would never desert Poland
29 August Hitler demands that a Polish emissary arrives in Berlin within 24 hours to discuss the “Polish question”
30 August The Poles refuse to accede to Hitler’s demands
31 August Britain mobilises the Royal Navy, Hitler orders the invasion of Poland to begin the following morning
1 September German troops invade Poland
3 September Britain sends Germany an ultimatum at 8am (GMT), demanding an immediate cessation of hostilities in Poland. When the ultimatum expires three hours later, Britain declares war on Germany
Guardian graphic. Source: Professor Saul David
1939 Europe on the brink of war
Axis
Allied
Neutral
Troop concentrations
Great Britain
700,000 troops
Danzig
15,000
East Prussia
The
Netherlands
USSR
2.0 million
Poland
1.1 million
Germany
2.0 million
France
2.5 million
Romania
850,000
Yugoslavia
Albania
Spain
Greece
200,000
Mediterranean
Sea
Italy
1.3 million
Turkey
300,000
15 March Germany invades Bohemia and dismembers Czechoslovakia, violating the Munich agreement, signed the previous November
31 March Britain and France guarantee Poland’s territorial integrity
27 April Britain introduces limited conscription for 20-to 22-year-olds
23 August Germany and Russia sign a non-aggression pact, with secret protocols to divide Poland between them
25 August Hitler cancels the order to invade Poland after Mussolini insists Italy will remain neutral. Britain signs an alliance with the Poles
28 August Chamberlain rejects Hitler’s offer of an alliance in return for Danzig and the “Polish corridor”, insisting that Britain would never desert Poland
29 August Hitler demands that a Polish emissary arrives in Berlin within 24 hours to discuss the “Polish question”
30 August The Poles refuse to accede to Hitler’s demands
31 August Britain mobilises the Royal Navy, Hitler orders the invasion of Poland to begin the following morning
1 September German troops invade Poland
3 September Britain sends Germany an ultimatum at 8am (GMT), demanding an immediate cessation of hostilities in Poland. When the ultimatum expires three hours later, Britain declares war on Germany
Guardian graphic. Source: Professor Saul David
1939 Europe on the brink of war
Axis
Allied
Neutral
Troop concentrations
Great Britain
700,000 troops
Danzig
15,000
East Prussia
The
Netherlands
USSR
2.0 million
Poland
1.1 million
Germany
2.0 million
France
2.5 million
Romania
850,000
Yugoslavia
Albania
Spain
Greece
200,000
Mediterranean
Sea
Italy
1.3 million
Turkey
300,000
15 March Germany invades Bohemia and dismembers Czechoslovakia, violating the Munich agreement, signed the previous November
31 March Britain and France guarantee Poland’s territorial integrity
27 April Britain introduces limited conscription for 20-to 22-year-olds
23 August Germany and Russia sign a non-aggression pact, with secret protocols to divide Poland between them
25 August Hitler cancels the order to invade Poland after Mussolini insists Italy will remain neutral. Britain signs an alliance with the Poles
28 August Neville Chamberlain rejects Hitler’s offer of an alliance in return for Danzig and the “Polish corridor”, insisting that Britain would never desert Poland
29 August Hitler demands that a Polish emissary arrives in Berlin within 24 hours to discuss the “Polish question”
30 August The Poles refuse to accede to Hitler’s demands
31 August Britain mobilises the Royal Navy, Hitler orders the invasion of Poland to begin the following morning
1 September German troops invade Poland
3 September Britain sends Germany an ultimatum at 8am (GMT), demanding an immediate cessation of hostilities in Poland. When the ultimatum expires three hours later, Britain declares war on Germany
Guardian graphic
Source: Professor Saul David
1939 Europe on the brink of war
Axis
Allied
Neutral
Troop concentrations
Norway
Sweden
Estonia
Latvia
Great Britain
700,000 troops
Danzig
15,000
Lithuania
Denmark
The
Netherlands
East Prussia
Poland
1.1 million
USSR
2.0 million
Germany
2.0 million
troops
Belgium
Romania
850,000
Hungary
Atlantic Ocean
France
2.5 million
Black Sea
Switzerland
Yugoslavia
Bulgaria
Turkey
300,000
Portugal
Spain
Italy
1.3 million
Greece
200,000
Mediterranean Sea
Albania
15 March Germany invades Bohemia and dismembers Czechoslovakia, violating the Munich agreement, signed the previous November
31 March Britain and France guarantee Poland’s territorial integrity
27 April Britain introduces limited conscription for 20-to 22-year-olds
28 August Chamberlain rejects Hitler’s offer of an alliance in return for Danzig and the “Polish corridor”, insisting that Britain would never desert Poland
29 August Hitler demands that a Polish emissary arrives in Berlin within 24 hours to discuss the “Polish question”
30 August The Poles refuse to accede to Hitler’s demands
31 August Britain mobilises the Royal Navy, Hitler orders the invasion of Poland to begin the following morning
1 September German troops invade Poland
3 September Britain sends Germany an ultimatum at 8am (GMT), demanding an immediate cessation of hostilities in Poland. When the ultimatum expires three hours later, Britain declares war on Germany
23 August Germany and Russia sign a non-aggression pact, with secret protocols to divide Poland between them
25 August Hitler cancels the order to invade Poland after Mussolini insists Italy will remain neutral. Britain signs an alliance with the Poles
Guardian graphic. Source: Professor Saul David
1939 Europe on the brink of war
Axis
Allied
Neutral
Troop concentrations
Norway
Sweden
Estonia
Latvia
Great Britain
700,000 troops
Danzig
15,000
Lithuania
Denmark
The
Netherlands
East Prussia
USSR
2.0 million
Poland
1.1 million
Germany
2.0 million
troops
Belgium
Atlantic Ocean
Hungary
Romania
850,000
France
2.5 million
Black Sea
Switzerland
Yugoslavia
Bulgaria
Turkey
300,000
Portugal
Spain
Italy
1.3 million
Greece
200,000
Albania
Mediterranean Sea
15 March Germany invades Bohemia and dismembers Czechoslovakia, violating the Munich agreement, signed the previous November
31 March Britain and France guarantee Poland’s territorial integrity
25 August Hitler cancels the order to invade Poland after Mussolini insists Italy will remain neutral. Britain signs an alliance with the Poles
28 August Chamberlain rejects Hitler’s offer of an alliance in return for Danzig and the “Polish corridor”, insisting that Britain would never desert Poland
29 August Hitler demands that a Polish emissary arrives in Berlin within 24 hours to discuss the “Polish question”
30 August The Poles refuse to accede to Hitler’s demands
31 August Britain mobilises the Royal Navy, Hitler orders the invasion of Poland to begin the following morning
1 September German troops invade Poland
3 September Britain sends Germany an ultimatum at 8am (GMT), demanding an immediate cessation of hostilities in Poland. When the ultimatum expires three hours later, Britain declares war on Germany
27 April Britain introduces limited conscription for 20-to 22-year-olds
23 August Germany and Russia sign a non-aggression pact, with secret protocols to divide Poland between them
Guardian graphic. Source: Professor Saul David