How they compare

Not

populist

Somewhat

populist

Populist

Very

populist

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

1.9

Left

Hugo Chávez

(1999-06)

Right

1.6

Nicolás Maduro (2013-18)

1.5

Evo Morales (2015-present)

1.5

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (2014-18)

0.9

Viktor Orbán (2010-18)

0.8

Silvio Berlusconi

(2001-06)

0.8

Donald Trump

(2016-present)

0.6

Narendra Modi (2014-present)

0.5

Jair Bolsonaro (2019-present)

0.1

Tony Blair (2001-05)

0

Angela Merkel (2013-18)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Not

populist

Somewhat

populist

Populist

Very

populist

0.0

Not populist

0.5

Somewhat populist

1.0

Populist

1.5

Very populist

2.0

1.9

Left

Hugo Chávez (1999-06)

Right

1.6

Nicolás Maduro (2013-18)

1.5

Evo Morales (2015-present)

1.5

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (2014-18)

0.9

Viktor Orbán (2010-18)

0.8

Silvio Berlusconi (2001-06)

0.8

Donald Trump (2016-present)

0.6

Narendra Modi (2014-present)

0.5

Jair Bolsonaro (2019-present)

0.1

Tony Blair (2001-05)

0

Angela Merkel (2013-18)

Not populist

Somewhat populist

Populist

Very populist

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0