Not
populist
Somewhat
populist
Populist
Very
populist
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.9
Left
Hugo Chávez
(1999-06)
Right
1.6
Nicolás Maduro (2013-18)
1.5
Evo Morales (2015-present)
1.5
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (2014-18)
0.9
Viktor Orbán (2010-18)
0.8
Silvio Berlusconi
(2001-06)
0.8
Donald Trump
(2016-present)
0.6
Narendra Modi (2014-present)
0.5
Jair Bolsonaro (2019-present)
0.1
Tony Blair (2001-05)
0
Angela Merkel (2013-18)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Not
populist
Somewhat
populist
Populist
Very
populist
0.0
Not populist
0.5
Somewhat populist
1.0
Populist
1.5
Very populist
2.0
1.9
Left
Hugo Chávez (1999-06)
Right
1.6
Nicolás Maduro (2013-18)
1.5
Evo Morales (2015-present)
1.5
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (2014-18)
0.9
Viktor Orbán (2010-18)
0.8
Silvio Berlusconi (2001-06)
0.8
Donald Trump (2016-present)
0.6
Narendra Modi (2014-present)
0.5
Jair Bolsonaro (2019-present)
0.1
Tony Blair (2001-05)
0
Angela Merkel (2013-18)
Not populist
Somewhat populist
Populist
Very populist
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0