Left
Right
Neither
Not
populist
Somewhat
populist
Populist
Very
populist
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.6
Nicolás Maduro (2013-18)
1.5
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
(2007-14)
0.8
Donald Trump
(2006-present)
0.6
Narendra Modi (2014-present)
0.2
Emmanuel Macron (2017-present)
0
Angela Merkel (2006-present)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Not
populist
Somewhat
populist
Populist
Very
populist
Not populist
Somewhat populist
Populist
Very populist
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.6
Left
Nicolás Maduro
(2013-18)
Right
1.5
Neither
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
(2007-14)
0.8
Donald Trump (2006-present)
0.6
Narendra Modi (2014-present)
0.2
Emmanuel Macron (2017-present)
0
Angela Merkel (2006-present)
Not populist
Somewhat populist
Populist
Very populist
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0