Not
populist
Somewhat
populist
Populist
Very
populist
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.9
Left
Hugo Chávez
(1996-06)
Right
0.8
Silvio Berlusconi
(2001-06)
0.1
Tony Blair (2001-05)
0.1
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
(2003-07)
0.1
Jacques Chirac (2002-07)
0
Gerhard Schröder (1998-05)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Not
populist
Somewhat
populist
Populist
Very
populist
Not populist
Somewhat populist
Populist
Very populist
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.9
Left
Hugo Chávez
(1996-06)
Right
0.8
Silvio Berlusconi (2001-06)
0.1
Tony Blair (2001-05)
0.1
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
(2003-07)
0.1
Jacques Chirac (2002-07)
0
Gerhard Schröder (1998-05)
Not populist
Somewhat populist
Populist
Very populist
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0