Three scientists have been awarded the 2018 Nobel prize in physics for creating tools from light

Optical tweezers

Allows tiny organisms to be handled with beams of light

Sphere

Laser beam

1

Gradient force

Centre,

highest

intensity

2

Lens

3

Sphere held in place

using optical tweezers

1 Small transparent spheres are set in motion

when they are illuminated with laser light

2 Gradient force pushes spheres towards

centre of beam, where light is most intense

3 Laser beam is focused with a lens, creating

optical tweezers

Ultra-sharp laser beams

Can cut or drill holes in various materials extremely precisely – even in living matter

From nanosecond

to femtosecond

Short,

intense

laser

pulses

Heated

area

Shock waves

that cause

damage

Nanosecond pulses

Lasting a billionth of

a second

Femtosecond pulses

Lasting a millionth of

a billionth of a second

The shortest and most intense laser pulses ever created by mankind. Their technique is now used in corrective eye surgery, where millions of eye operations are performed every year with the sharpest of laser beams

Optical tweezers

Ultra-sharp laser beams

Allows tiny organisms to be handled with beams of light

Can cut or drill holes in various materials extremely precisely – even in living matter

Sphere

Laser beam

From nanosecond

to femtosecond

Short,

intense

laser

pulses

1

Heated

area

Shock waves

that cause

damage

Gradient force

Centre,

highest

intensity

2

Lens

3

Sphere held

in place using

optical tweezers

Nanosecond pulses

Lasting a billionth of

a second

Femtosecond pulses

Lasting a millionth of

a billionth of a second

1 Small transparent spheres are set in motion

The shortest and most intense laser pulses ever created by mankind. Their technique is now used in corrective eye surgery, where millions of eye operations are performed every year with the sharpest of laser beams

when they are illuminated with laser light

2 Gradient force pushes spheres towards

centre of beam, where light is most intense

3 Laser beam is focused with a lens, creating

optical tweezers